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A dipirona est� no mercado h� um s�culo
Uma das solu��es para aliviar febre e dor, a dipirona sempre figura na lista dos rem�dios mais vendidos no Brasil.
Mais de 215 milh�es de doses deste medicamento foram comercializadas no pa�s apenas$5 minimum deposit online casino2023, segundo a Ag�ncia Nacional de Vigil�ncia Sanit�ria (Anvisa).
Em outras partes do mundo, por�m, a realidade � completamente distinta:$5 minimum deposit online casinolugares como os Estados Unidos e uma parcela da Uni�o Europeia, esse f�rmaco est� proibido h� d�cadas.
Por tr�s do veto da dipirona nesses locais, est� uma grande controv�rsia sobre um poss�vel efeito colateral grave da medica��o: a agranulocitose, uma altera��o no sangue grave e potencialmente fatal marcada pela queda na quantidade de alguns tipos de c�lulas de defesa.
Mas o que h� de evid�ncia cient�fica por tr�s dessa alega��o? E$5 minimum deposit online casinoque casos esse rem�dio realmente faz a diferen�a?
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Para entender essa hist�ria, � preciso conhecer o mecanismo de a��o desse rem�dio.
A dipirona foi criada$5 minimum deposit online casino1920 pela farmac�utica alem� Hoechst AG. Dois anos depois, ela j� estava dispon�vel nas drogarias, inclusive no Brasil.
Podcast traz �udios com reportagens selecionadas.
Epis�dios
Fim do Podcast
Ela ficou conhecida pelo nome comercial Novalgina, que hoje pertence ao laborat�rio franc�s Sanofi.
Outros rem�dios populares que trazem dipirona s�o o Dorflex (tamb�m da Sanofi) e a Neosaldina (da Hypera Pharma).
Todos eles est�o dispon�veis nas farm�cias e n�o precisam de receita m�dica para serem comprados pelos consumidores.
�Mas � importante sempre conversar com o farmac�utico para entender se aquela op��o � mesmo a melhor para o seu caso espec�fico�, pondera a farmac�utica Danyelle Marini, diretora do Conselho Regional de Farm�cia do Estado de S�o Paulo (CRF-SP).
E, apesar dos 100 anos de hist�ria, a forma como esse f�rmaco funciona para baixar a febre e aliviar a dor ainda est� cercada de mist�rios.
A farmac�utica bioqu�mica Laura Marise, doutora$5 minimum deposit online casinoBioci�ncias e Biotecnologia, explica que a principal suspeita � que a dipirona atue contra uma mol�cula inflamat�ria conhecida como COX.
�A hip�tese � que ela iniba a COX, inclusive um dos tipos dessa mol�cula que � exclusivo do sistema nervoso central, o que aliviaria a inflama��o por tr�s da febre e da dor�, diz ela.
A dipirona estava amplamente dispon�vel$5 minimum deposit online casinoboa parte do mundo at� meados dos anos 1960 e 1970, quando come�aram a surgir os primeiros estudos que criaram o alerta sobre o risco de agranulocitose.
Um trabalho publicado$5 minimum deposit online casino1964 calculou que essa altera��o sangu�nea grave acontecia$5 minimum deposit online casinoum indiv�duo para cada 127 que consumiam a aminopirina � uma subst�ncia cuja estrutura � bem parecida � da dipirona.
�Tendo como base essa semelhan�a qu�mica, os autores n�o fizeram distin��o entre as duas mol�culas e assumiram que os dados obtidos para a aminopirina seriam tamb�m aplic�veis � dipirona�, aponta um artigo da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora e da Universidade de S�o Paulo, publicado$5 minimum deposit online casino2023.
A partir dessa e de outras evid�ncias, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ag�ncia regulat�ria dos Estados Unidos, decidiu que a dipirona deveria ser retirada do mercado americano$5 minimum deposit online casino1977.
Pouco depois, outros pa�ses tomaram a mesma resolu��o, como foi o caso da Austr�lia, do Jap�o, do Reino Unido e de partes da Uni�o Europeia.
�E a proibi��o dela aconteceu justamente nos pa�ses que mais fazem pesquisas de efic�cia e seguran�a sobre medicamentos�, destaca Marise.
Segundo ela, isso diminuiu o interesse$5 minimum deposit online casinofazer testes e investiga��es sobre a dipirona � o que fez o f�rmaco se tornar praticamente desconhecido nesses lugares desde ent�o.
A agranulocitose � o principal evento adverso grave observado$5 minimum deposit online casinoalguns estudos com a dipirona
A partir dos anos 1980, come�aram a surgir novas evid�ncias sobre a seguran�a da medica��o � que jogaram mais controv�rsia na discuss�o.
O Estudo Boston, por exemplo, foi realizado$5 minimum deposit online casinooito pa�ses (Israel, Alemanha, It�lia, Hungria, Espanha, Bulg�ria e Su�cia) e envolveu dados de 22,2 milh�es de pessoas.
Os resultados encontraram uma incid�ncia de 1,1 caso de agranulocitose para cada 1 milh�o de indiv�duos que usaram a dipirona � o que � considerada uma frequ�ncia bem baixa.
Em Israel, uma investiga��o realizada com 390 mil indiv�duos hospitalizados calculou um risco de 0,0007% de desenvolver essa altera��o no sangue e de 0,0002% de morrer por causa desse evento adverso.
J� na Su�cia, que voltou atr�s e liberou a dipirona brevemente nos anos 1990, foram detectados 14 epis�dios de agranulocitose possivelmente relacionados ao tratamento, com 1 caso para cada 1.439 indiv�duos que tomaram esse f�rmaco.
Essa frequ�ncia mais alta, ali�s, fez com que o pa�s n�rdico proibisse a comercializa��o do f�rmaco novamente$5 minimum deposit online casino1999.
Mas o que justifica essa disparidade de resultados? Embora n�o exista uma explica��o clara, Marini aponta tr�s fatores que ajudam a entender o cen�rio.
�Primeiro, h� uma muta��o gen�tica que parece facilitar o aparecimento da agranulocitose$5 minimum deposit online casinoalguns indiv�duos que usam dipirona. E sabe-se que essa muta��o � mais comum$5 minimum deposit online casinopopula��es dos Estados Unidos e de partes da Europa�, diz ela.
�Em segundo e terceiro lugares, dosagens mais altas e uso por tempo prolongado tamb�m influenciam nesse risco�, completa.
A dipirona foi alvo de uma grande pesquisa realizada na Am�rica Latina que ficou conhecida como Latin Study.
Entre janeiro de 2002 e dezembro de 2005, cientistas de Brasil, Argentina e M�xico se debru�aram sobre dados de 548 milh�es de pessoas.
Nesse universo, foram identificados 52 casos de agranulocitose � o que representa uma taxa de 0,38 caso por milh�o de habitantes/ano.
O trabalho latino ainda mostrou que esses epis�dios de altera��o sangu�nea grave s�o relativamente mais comuns$5 minimum deposit online casinomulheres, crian�as e idosos.
Pouco antes disso,$5 minimum deposit online casino2001, a Anvisa realizou um evento chamado �Painel Internacional de Avalia��o de Seguran�a da Dipirona�,$5 minimum deposit online casinoque foram convidados especialistas brasileiros e estrangeiros.
�O objetivo deste painel foi a promo��o de amplo esclarecimento sobre os aspectos de seguran�a da dipirona�, contextualiza a ag�ncia,$5 minimum deposit online casinonota enviada � $5 minimum deposit online casino News Brasil.
�Conforme o relat�rio final, as conclus�es do referido painel foram que h� consenso de que a efic�cia da dipirona como analg�sico e antit�rmico � inquestion�vel e que os riscos atribu�dos �$5 minimum deposit online casinoutiliza��o$5 minimum deposit online casinonossa popula��o s�o baixos e similares, ou menores, que o de outros analg�sicos/antit�rmicos dispon�veis no mercado�, complementa o texto.
A Anvisa refor�a que, desde a realiza��o do painel h� 22 anos, �n�o foram identificados novos riscos ou emitidos novos alertas de seguran�a relacionados � dipirona� � e, portanto, n�o h� qualquer discuss�o sobre uma eventual proibi��o de venda dela no Brasil.
Al�m do pa�s, a dipirona tamb�m est� dispon�vel$5 minimum deposit online casino�ndia, Alemanha, Espanha, R�ssia, Israel, Argentina e M�xico, entre outros.
A $5 minimum deposit online casino News Brasil tamb�m procurou as farmac�uticas respons�veis pelas vers�es comerciais mais populares da dipirona no pa�s.
A Sanofi, que fabrica Novalgina e Dorflex, disse que �cumpre rigorosamente toda a legisla��o brasileira vigente,$5 minimum deposit online casinoespecial a legisla��o sanit�ria e as regulamenta��es da Anvisa$5 minimum deposit online casinovigor�.
�Reiteramos que a dipirona est� no mercado mundial h� mais de 100 anos e � utilizada por milh�es de pacientes$5 minimum deposit online casinotodo o mundo�, diz o laborat�rio, que tamb�m classifica como �inquestion�vel� a efic�cia da medica��o.
A Hypera Pharma, que faz a Neosaldina, informou que "a dipirona � um princ�pio ativo liberado pela Anvisa para comercializa��o no Brasil" e todos os produtos da farmac�utica que cont�m a mol�cula "contam com registro aprovado na ag�ncia, com comprova��o de seguran�a e efic�cia".
J� a Associa��o Brasileira da Ind�stria de Produtos para o Autocuidado$5 minimum deposit online casinoSa�de (Acessa) afirmou que, �quando usada de acordo com as indica��es m�dicas e seguindo as doses recomendadas, [a dipirona] � considerada segura para a maioria das pessoas�.
�As instru��es presentes nos r�tulos dos MIPs devem ser seguidas com rigor, as doses devem ser respeitadas, evitando-se a automedica��o excessiva�, conclui a entidade.
Rem�dios para tratar febre e dor menos graves s�o vendidos sem prescri��o nas farm�cias
Al�m das quest�es envolvendo a seguran�a, a dipirona foi objeto de uma s�rie de estudos que testaram se ela realmente funciona na pr�tica.
Segundo Marise, que tamb�m � fundadora do canal de divulga��o cient�fica Nunca Vi 1 Cientista, as evid�ncias sobre a efic�cia dela s�o um pouco mais conclusivas quando comparadas a de outros f�rmacos comumente usados contra dor e febre.
�Ela tem um efeito bem intenso, a ponto de conseguir competir com os opioides$5 minimum deposit online casinocertos casos ou at� mesmo ser usado para aliviar a dor$5 minimum deposit online casinoambiente hospitalar�, diz ela.
�Mas � claro que n�o temos tantos estudos para a dipirona como para outras drogas mais modernas, at� pela proibi��o de uso dela nos Estados Unidos e partes da Europa�, complementa.
O Instituto Cochrane, que realiza revis�es de publica��es cient�ficas para definir o n�vel de evid�ncia sobre diversos procedimentos, calcula que uma �nica dose de dipirona � capaz de aliviar a dor moderada ou severa ap�s cirurgias$5 minimum deposit online casino7 a cada 10 pacientes.
O n�mero � maior do que o observado com placebo, uma subst�ncia sem efeito terap�utico, que resultou$5 minimum deposit online casinomelhoras nos sintomas para 3$5 minimum deposit online casinocada 10 indiv�duos.
A Cochrane tamb�m observa uma efic�cia da medica��o contra a dor de c�licas renais.
J� para a dor no geral, o efeito da dipirona foi observado$5 minimum deposit online casino5 a cada 10 usu�rios. O �ndice ficou ligeiramente mais baixo$5 minimum deposit online casinorela��o a outras op��es farmac�uticas, como combina��es de ibuprofeno e paracetamol (70%).
�O uso de uma ou outra op��o que atua contra dor e febre, como dipirona, paracetamol, ibuprofeno, entre outros, depende muito de caracter�sticas individuais e costumes familiares�, observa Marise.
Mas � claro que, assim como ocorre com qualquer op��o terap�utica, � preciso ler atentamente as informa��es disponibilizadas pelo fabricante, respeitar o limite de consumo di�rio e conhecer os poss�veis efeitos colaterais.
Segundo a bula da dipirona registrada no Brasil, adultos e adolescentes acima de 15 anos podem tomar de 1 a 2 comprimidos de 500 miligramas at� quatro vezes ao dia.
Para esse p�blico, o limite de consumo di�rio � de 4 gramas (ou 4 mil miligramas)
O rem�dio n�o � indicado para crian�as com menos de 3 meses de idade ou que t�m menos de 5 quilos.
A dipirona$5 minimum deposit online casinocomprimidos n�o deve ser utilizada por menores de 15 anos � e recomenda-se sempre a supervis�o de um m�dico nesses casos. � poss�vel encontr�-la na forma de xarope, gotas e suposit�rios, al�m das vers�es injet�veis e intravenosas dispon�veis$5 minimum deposit online casinoambiente hospitalar.
Para n�o ultrapassar os limites de seguran�a, � importante ler atentamente o r�tulo e a bula, pois algumas op��es farmac�uticas trazem dipirona na f�rmula junto de outros princ�pios ativos � e um descuido pode fazer algu�m exagerar na dose segura sem querer.
O uso da dipirona tamb�m deve ser mais cuidadoso$5 minimum deposit online casinopacientes com problemas nos rins ou no f�gado, para evitar crises agudas nestes �rg�os vitais.
Exagerar no consumo de dipirona pode provocar enjoo, v�mito, dor abdominal, disfun��o renal e hep�tica, tontura, sonol�ncia, coma, convuls�es, queda de press�o arterial, arritmias card�acas e mudan�a na colora��o da urina.
Entre os efeitos colaterais menos graves que a agranulocitose (que � considerada muito rara na popula��o brasileira), algumas pessoas podem sofrer quadros al�rgicos ou hipotens�o (queda da press�o arterial) ap�s tomarem a dipirona.
Nesses casos, a recomenda��o � n�o usar o f�rmaco � e procurar um profissional da sa�de se o inc�modo n�o passar ou piorar.
�� importante refor�ar que a dipirona � uma droga segura mas, assim como qualquer medicamento, n�o � isenta de riscos�, lembra Marini.
�Ela � indicada para tratar quadros agudos de dor e febre, e n�o deve ser usada de forma cont�nua, por semanas, meses ou anos, como � comum vermos algumas pessoas fazerem�, conclui a farmac�utica.
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Brazilian professional football clubSoccer club
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube (Brazilian Portuguese: [k?u'zej?u es'po?t?i 'klubi]), known simply as Cruzeiro, is a Brazilian sports club based in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.
Although competing in a number of different sports, Cruzeiro is mostly known for its association football team.
Its football team is the most prestigious team in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.
It plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro S�rie A, the top tier of the Brazilian football league system, as well as in the Campeonato Mineiro, the state of Minas Gerais's premier state league.
The club was founded on 2 January 1921, by sportsmen from the Italian colony of Belo Horizonte as Palestra It�lia.
As a result of the Second World War, the Brazilian federal government banned the use of any symbols referring to the Axis powers in 1942.
The club board members rebaptized the club with the name of a leading national symbol: the Cruzeiro do Sul's constellation.
Cruzeiro play their home games at the Mineir�o stadium, which currently holds up to 62,547 spectators.
Cruzeiro's regular kit colors are blue shirts and white shorts with white socks.
Cruzeiro is one of Brazil's most successful clubs.
It won the Campeonato Brasileiro S�rie A for the first time in 1966, after defeating Santos' Os Sant�sticos in the final series.
[2] Cruzeiro has won the Brasileir�o again in 2003, 2013 and 2014, obtaining the best campaign in the present format of the competition.
Cruzeiro has also won record six Copa do Brasil titles and the Campeonato Mineiro 39 times.
Cruzeiro won the defunct state competitions Ta�a Minas Gerais five times, the Copa dos Campe�es Mineiros twice, Copa Sul Minas twice, the Torneio In�cio 10 times and the Supercampeonato Mineiro once.
A Raposa also obtained many international laurels such as two Copa Libertadores, two Supercopa Libertadores, one Recopa Sudamericana, one Copa de Oro and one Copa Master de Supercopa.
Cruzeiro is one of the two Brazilian clubs to complete the Domestic Treble, a feat accomplished in 2003 after winning the Campeonato Mineiro, the 2003 Copa do Brasil and the 2003 Brasileir�o.
Cruzeiro hold a long-standing rivalry against Atl�tico Mineiro.
It has contributed many key and famous players towards Brazil's FIFA World Cup squads such as Piazza, Tost�o, Nelinho, Ronaldo, Luis�o, Alex, Maicon, Cris, Jairzinho, Rivaldo and Ed�lson among so many others.
History [ edit ]
Cruzeiro's history is traced back to the Italian community living in Belo Horizonte, a city where already some Italian immigrants lived[3] and their desire to set up a football club.
Similar to the Italians of S�o Paulo (who founded Palestra It�lia, now known as Palmeiras) the people of Belo Horizonte wanted the Italian colonies in Minas Gerais to have its own club as well.
In the sporting goods and footwear Augustine Ranieri's factory, located on the street of Caet�s, it was decided the foundation of the club should tackle the three major capital: Atl�tico Mineiro, America-MG and Yale.
Was born at that moment, the Societ� Sportiva Palestra Italia, established on 2 January 1921.[4]
The meeting was attended by 95 founders present the shield and uniform that made reference to the Italian colors, and whose SSPI description would be recorded in the center shell.
Another decision was that only members of the Italian colony could wear the shirt.
Aurelio Noce was elected the first President.[4]
The Palestra Italia emerged as the representative of the Italian colony.
And is characterized as a team of Italian descent, Palestra also stood out by having elements of the Belo Horizonte working class, unlike Atl�tico and Am�rica, who had their consisting squad of college students coming from influential and wealthy families of the city.[4]
A Cruzeiro squad before playing a game v.Flamengo in 1923
The idea of the club being created took a big step when Yale, a sports team from the city, went through an administrative crisis.
When some players left Yale over a dispute (Yale, which itself had connections to the Italian community), some went on to found the all Italian, Sociedade Esportiva Palestra It�lia of Belo Horizonte.
[5][6] Until 1925 the club would only allow Italian men to participate, despite other teams in the nation accepting people of all skin colors and ethnicities.[7]
Palestra debuted in the Prado Mineiro Stadium with a 2�0 win in a friendly on 3 April 1921, against a combination from Nova Lima.
The Nova Lima team united players from two teams from the city: Villa Nova, and Palmeiras, another team form Nova Lima.
[8] However, the first official match of Palestra was in a 3�0 win over future archrivals Clube Atl�tico Mineiro.
[9][10] In January 1942, Brazil entered World War II[11] and a decree of the federal government forbade the use of terms from enemy nations in entities, institutions, establishments, etc.
With this, the Italian name was removed and the club could no longer call themselves Palestra Italia.
The name was changed to Sociedade Esportiva Palestra Mineiro.
Around six months later, the president Ennes Cyro Poni called a general assembly for 7 October and suggested the name Ypiranga.
Between 3 and 7 October, the local media published the new name thinking it would be approved.
In assembly, the counselors and associates kept professional system and approved changing club's name and colors.
Yale and Ypiranga were suggested, but Cruzeiro Esporte Clube was chosen to honor the biggest symbol of Brazil, the constellation of Crux.
The idea was from Oswaldo Pinto Coelho.
However, the club kept playing as "Palestra Mineiro" until 1943, when the local Federation approved the new statutes.
[12] The approved colors were blue and white, chosen as a compromise to appease the Italian factions within the club management, as it was both representative of the Brazilian flag and the Italian football national team (blue is the color of House of Savoy, who ruled Italy from 1861 to 1946).[13]
With the inauguration of the Mineir�o in 1965, Cruzeiro entered one of the most successful periods in its history, in which the club won five Campeonato Mineiro titles in a row, and went on to win its first national title, the 1966 Ta�a Brasil (the highest honor in Brazilian football at that time) beating Santos of Pel� in the final.
Cruzeiro won the first leg 6�2 at the Mineir�o, and the second leg 3�2 in S�o Paulo.
[14][15] In the 1974 Campeonato Brasileiro S�rie A Cruzeiro were runner-up for the first time, after losing to Vasco in the finals.
Later in 1975, Cruzeiro were runner-up in the Campeonato Brasileiro again, this time losing to Internacional.
In 1976, Cruzeiro won its first Copa Libertadores de Am�rica, over River Plate of Argentina.
Cruzeiro went on to be runners-up of the same competition in 1977, being defeated in the finals by Boca Juniors, also of Argentina.
After winning the 1976 Copa Libertadores, they participated in the 1976 Intercontinental Cup, now renamed the FIFA Club World Championship, for the first time and tied Bayern Munich 0�0 at the Mineir�o, but lost 2�0 to Bayern in the Olympiastadion.[14][15]
After tasting success in the 1960s and 1970s, Cruzeiro entered a dark period in the 1980s.
With the exception of a couple of Campeonato Mineiro wins, the club won no other championships in the 1980s, and had its worst performances in the Campeonato Brasileiro, 33rd in 1984 and 29th in 1985.
[16] The 1980s was the only decade Cruzeiro did not participate once in the Copa Libertadores since the tournament's creation in 1960.
[17] The club were invited to Europe in 1988 by Scottish side Celtic to play a friendly as part of the Glasgow club's centenary celebrations.[18]
In the 1990s a new era began, and a 15-year sequence of at least one title per year was initiated.
This included six of the club's seven international championships and a Campeonato Brasileiro (2003).
In December 2010 the CBF (the governing body of Brazilian football) also recognized Cruzeiro as Brazilian champion of 1966, for having beaten Santos of Pel�: 6�2 in Belo Horizonte and 2�3 in S�o Paulo.
[14][15][19] The club's biggest exploit in the 21st century happened when it won the Campeonato Brasileiro S�rie A.
With 100 points earned during the season, and just over 100 goals scored in 46 matches, it was one of the most successful campaigns ever by a club in a Brazilian championship.
In 2003, besides winning the Campeonato Brasileiro S�rie A, Cruzeiro also won the Copa do Brasil and the Campeonato Mineiro, to become the only Brazilian team to win the triple crown.[14][15][19][20]
From 2003 to 2012 Cruzeiro have only won one major tournament (four times): the Campeonato Mineiro (2004, 2006, 2008, 2009).
However, the club finished in the top five of the Campeonato Brasileiro in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, guaranteeing a spot in the Copa Libertadores for four consecutive years (2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011).
In 2010, after a great campaign in the Campeonato Brasileiro Serie A, Cruzeiro took the second place and qualified for the Copa Libertadores da America for 2011.
Cruzeiro's biggest success in recent years was reaching the finals of the 2009 Copa Libertadores, but they lost to Estudiantes de La Plata 2�1.
[21] After a disastrous 2011 season, escaping relegation only in the last round after a triumphant 6�1[22] against arch-rival Atl�tico, Gilvan Tavares became president for the 2012-2013-2014 triennium.
2012 was slightly better than 2011, but still Cruzeiro won no titles.
In 2013 Cruzeiro lost Campeonato Mineiro again, despite displaying a good game against smaller clubs.
Copa do Brasil started promising but Cruzeiro was knocked out by future champion Flamengo in the quarterfinals.
After the elimination Cruzeiro went all in to Campeonato Brasileiro and was crowned champion for the third time, this time four rounds before the championship ended, playing an offensive and intense game that led many, including press[23] and runners-up,[24] to attribute the title many rounds before the mathematical confirmation.
Cruzeiro's 2014 season was even more successful.
It started with Cruzeiro winning the Campeonato Mineiro without losing a single match in the whole competition.
In the Copa Libertadores da America, Cruzeiro was knocked out, in the quarter finals, by future champion San Lorenzo de Almagro, being the last remaining Brazilian team in the competition.
This loss did not prevent Cruzeiro to lead the Campeonato Brasileiro for almost the whole competition, being crowned champion for the fourth time and becoming the second team not from Rio de Janeiro nor Sao Paulo to win the Campeonato Brasileiro twice in a row.
Cruzeiro also got to the final of the Copa do Brasil, but lost both matches to rival Atl�tico Mineiro.
Symbols [ edit ]Colors [ edit ]
Cruzeiro's first crest, 1921
When Cruzeiro was still known as Palestra Italia, the home shirt colour was green.
The first home kit was an improvised dark green shirt, with white shorts and green stockings.
Cruzeiro used this kit in their first professional game on 3 April 1921, in the Prado Mineiro Stadium, with a 2�0 win over the Villa Nova/Palmeiras combined team, of Nova Lima.
[25] In 1928 the shirt became a lighter tone of green, with a white neck design and red cuffs.
The shorts continued to be white, but the green stockings now had red and white details, similar to that of the Italian flag.
This particular uniform was used up until 1940.
The light green color of the shirt would later give the team the nickname "periquito", Portuguese for parakeet.
[25] In 1940 there was a big change to the shirt.
The shirt began to feature horizontal stripes, with the club crest in the center.
This was the shirt used to win the 1940 Campeonato da Cidade � now known as the Campeonto Mineiro � after the club had been unable to win the tournament for ten years.
The club also began to be called "tricolor" instead of "periquito".[25]
In 1942 Cruzeiro played one game under the name Ypiranga, and for this game a blue shirt with a central horizontal stripe was used.
[25] In 1943 Cruzeiro played its first game under its current name.
The shirt used then was an all blue shirt with a large white v-neck (scapular) design.
The shorts and stockings were white.
In 1950, due to bad stadium lighting, Cruzeiro began to use an all-white shirt during night games.
The shirt, which featured blue details and blue shorts and white stockings, was used for nine years.
[25] In 1956, Cruzeiro used, for a short while, a new shirt that was made up of white and blue horizontal stripes.
The uniform was not used in many games.
[25] There was a change to the shirt in 1959; the shirt became all blue, a design that would influence later shirts.
In the 1959 shirt, instead of using its normal crest Cruzeiro simply used the five stars, in the crest, loose on the shirt.
The shirt made its debut in the Est�dio dos Tecel�es, in a friendly match against Renascen�a, on 19 September.[25]
In 1984 Cruzeiro had the first ever company logo on its shirt; it was the shirt manufacturer's logo, which was Topper.
[25] In the same year Cruzeiro had its first shirt sponsor, Medradao.
Medradao was only used on the away shirts[25]Crest [ edit ]
The Southern Cross or Crux, is common on a number of other flags and insignia.
The first Palestra It�lia crest was a rhombus whose top half was red and bottom half was green (both colors of the Italian flag).
In the center of the crest was a white circle with the letters P and I inside it.
[26] The following year, 1922, the club's crest maintained its rhombus shape, but was now completely white, with the letter P, S and I, inscribed within it in green.
[26] In 1923, the crest lost its rhombus shape and instead just had the green letters S, P and I.
[26] From 1928 to 1939 the crest was identical to the first crest in 1921.
Just one year later the crest became a little different: the top half was green and the bottom half was red, similar to the crests from 1921 and 1929�1939, but instead of green letters in its center, it now had the letters S, P and I in yellow.
[26]Cruzeiro fansSymbol 1956
The crest introduced in 1940 would be the last for Palestra, because the club would soon become Cruzeiro.
[26] Cruzeiro's first crest was introduced in 1950 and was very simple: a blue circle, with a white border, inside of which were five white stars, positioned to look like the Southern Cross.
This first crest was used for over nine years, until 1959.
[26] In 1959 the crest changed, now with a white border around the crest with the words "-CRUZEIRO ESPORTE CLUBE-BELO HORIZONTE" in blue.
This version of the crest was used until 1996, making it the longest-used crest by Cruzeiro.
[26] In the same year, Cruzeiro removed BELO HORIZONTE from the crest; this format was used until 2005.
[26] In 2006 to honor its successful 2003 season, a crown was added on top of the crest, to symbolize the triple crown.[26]
Cruzeiro has not always used its official crest on its shirt.
In 1959, instead of using its crest, the club opted to simply put the five stars from the Southern Cross on its shirt.
[26] This was done until 2000, when the actual crest was again used.
[26] In 2002 and in part of 2003 the loose stars were used.
Part way through 2003 a new shirt that contained the actual crest was introduced, but instead of just using the regular crest the shirt featured two Copa Libertadores trophies on top of the crest.
In 2004 a similar design was used, but now featured a crown, symbolic of the Triple Crown on top of the two trophies.
[26] Since 2007 the club has used the "loose stars" design on home shirts.
[26] None of these designs actually became the official club crest.
Anthem [ edit ]
The club's anthem, Hino ao Campe�o, was written by Jadir Ambr�sio in 1966, in homage to the team of his heart.
He never meant for it to become the official anthem, but when fans started hearing it they liked it enough to adapt it as the new anthem.
Mascot [ edit ]
Cartoonist Fernando Pieruccetti, more popularly known as "Mangabeira", created the club's mascot, a raposa (Portuguese for fox) in the 1940s, as he did for other football clubs from Minas Gerais state league.
[27] Mangabeira took inspiration from the club's ex-president, Mario Grosso.
"He was a director who let no one trick him.
He was sly, agile, intelligent and skillful like a fox.
"[28][29] In the 2000s, Cruzeiro has made the Rapos�o (Big Fox) its biggest mascot, appearing at all home games and cheering with the crowd while wearing the club's colors.
In 2010, Rapos�o won Rede Globo's Competi��o de Mascotes (Mascot Competition), held in their Sunday sports show Esporte Espetacular.
The program united 20 mascots from the biggest Brazilian teams and had them competing in series of challenges.
Rapos�o won all of the events and was crowned as Brazil's Best Mascot.
In 2012, Cruzeiro introduced a "junior mascot", named "Raposinho" (Little Fox), a smaller version of "Rapos�o".
Presidents [ edit ]
Aur�lio Noce � 1921�22
Alberto Noce � 1923�24
Am�rico Gasparini � 1925�26, 1928
Antonio Falci � 1927, 1929�30
Braz Pelegrino � 1927�28
Lidio Lunardi � 1931�32
Jos� Viana de Souza � 1933
Miguel Perrela � 1933�36
Romeo de Paoli � 1936
Osvaldo Pinto Coelho � 1936�40
Ennes Cyro Poni � 1941�42Jo�o Fantoni � 1942
Wilson Saliba � 1942
Mario Torneli � 1942
M�rio Grosso � 1942�47
Fernando Tamietti � 1947, 1950
Ant�nio Cunha Lobo � 1947�49
Ant�nio Alves Sim�es � 1949Manoel F.
Campos � 1950Divino Ramos � 1951
Jos� Greco � 1952�53, 1955
Wellington Armanelli � 1954
Jos� Francisco Lemos Filho � 1954Eduardo S.Bambirra � 1955�56Manoel A.
de Carvalho � 1957�58
Antonio Braz Lopes Pontes � 1959�60
Felicio Brandi � 1961�82
Carmine Furletti � 1983�84
Benito Masci � 1985�90
Salvador Masci � 1990
C�sar Masci � 1991�94
Zez� Perrella � 1995�2002
Alvimar de Oliveira Costa � 2003�08
Zez� Perrella � 2009�11
Gilvan Tavares � 2012�17
Wagner Pires de S� � 2018�19
Jos� Dalai Rocha � 2019�20
S�rgio Santos Rodrigues � 2020�
Current squad [ edit ]
As of 17 August 2023 [30]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules.
Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Youth players [ edit ]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules.
Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Other players [ edit ]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules.
Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Out on loan [ edit ]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules.
Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
First-team staff [ edit ]
Position Name Nationality Head coach Pepa POR Assistant coach Hugo Silva POR Samuel Correia POR Goalkeeping coach Rog�rio Lima BRA Fitness coaches Leonardo Almeida BRA Pedro Oliveira POR Rodrigo Saar BRA T�lio Fl�res BRA Performance analyst Andr� Batista BRA Pedro Azevedo POR Victor Flores BRA
Notable players [ edit ]
Former coaches [ edit ]
Records and statistics [ edit ]
Most appearances [ edit ]
Roberto Perfumo, with 138 matches, was the non-Brazilian with the most appearances for the club, this was recently changed however as Ariel Cabral was awarded this record with 200 appearances for the club.[31]
The player with the most appearances for Cruzeiro is F�bio with a stunning record of 800 appearances, having been with the team since 2005, beating former midfielder Z� Carlos, with 619 appearances, between 1965 and 1977.
[31] In third place on that list is 1971's Bola de Ouro Winner, "The Prince" Dirceu Lopes, while the fourth place belongs to former Brazilian international and 1970 FIFA World Cup champion Wilson Piazza.
The fifth overall player, and second goalkeeper with the most appearances for Cruzeiro is the notorious Raul Plassman, who played a total of 557 games with the team.
The non-Brazilian with the most appearances for the club is the Argentine Roberto Perfumo who made 138 appearances for the club between 1971 and 1974.[31]
Top goalscorers [ edit ]
Brazilian hall-of-famer and 1970 FIFA World Cup winner Tost�o has scored the most goals for Cruzeiro, 249 between 1963 and 1972, having appeared on 378 matches for Cruzeiro (12th overall).
He beats Dirceu Lopes by 25 goals on that list, which also has old-timer Niginho (207 goals) closing the top 3, being the only ones with over 200 goals for Cruzeiro.
Nin�o holds the record for goals scored in a single match: 10 in Cruzeiro's 14�0 win over Alves Nogueira during Campeonato da Cidade on 17 June 1928.
[32] Nelinho holds the record for most goals scored from penalties: 38; and the record for goals scored from fouls: 42.
Walter Montillo's 39 goals make him the non-Brazilian with the most goals for Cruzeiro, a record that would belong to Bolivia national football team vice-captain and striker Marcelo Moreno with 48 goals or Spanish 1930's striker Fernando Carazo, with 44 goals, had they not become Brazilian nationals.
[32]Honours [ edit ]
Continental [ edit ]National [ edit ]Regional [ edit ]State [ edit ]City [ edit ]
Copa Belo Horizonte (1): 1960[34]
Trebles and doubles [ edit ]
Trebles � Domestic Triple Crown
State, Cup and League: 2003�[35]
Doubles � Domestic Double
State and League: 1966 State and Cup: 1996 State and League: 2014 State and Cup: 2018
� Continental Double
State and Supercopa Sudamericana: 1992 State and Copa Libertadores: 1997
Other featured campaigns [ edit ]
� Intercontinental Cup
Runners-up (2): 1976, 1997
� Copa Libertadores de Am�rica:
Runners-up (2): 1977, 2009 Third place (2): 1967, 1975
� Campeonato Brasileiro S�rie A:
Runners-up (5): 1969, 1974, 1975, 1998, 2010 Third place (5): 1973, 1989, 1995, 2000, 2008 Fourth place (2): 1968, 2009� Copa do Brasil
Runners-up (2): 1998, 2014 Semi-finalist (1): 2005, 2016
� Supercopa Sudamericana:
Runners-up (2): 1988 and 1996
� Supercopa Masters:
Runners-up (1): 1992
� Campeonato Mineiro:
Grounds and facilities [ edit ]
Cruzeiro's first stadium was the Est�dio do Prado Mineiro, which belonged to the Federa��o Mineira de Futebol (FMF).
[36] The club's first game at the stadium was 2�0 win over a Villa Nova/Palmeiras combine team from Nova Lima on 3 April 1921.
[36][37] Cruzeiro would use the stadium until 1923 when the club built its own stadium, Est�dio do Barro Preto.
[37][38] On 23 July 1923, Cruzeiro debuted at the stadium in a 2�2 tie with Flamengo.
[37][38] In 1945, the stadium went through renovations and would become at that time the largest stadium in the state with a capacity of 15,000 and later on would become known as Est�dio Juscelino Kubitscheck (or Est�dio JK).
[37][38] Cruzeiro would use the stadium until 1965, when the Mineir�o was opened.
In 1983, the stadium was torn down and one of the club's social clubs (Sede Campestre) was built there.[37][39]
Since 1965, Cruzeiro play their home games at Est�dio Governador Magalh�es Pinto, often referred to as just Mineir�o in Belo Horizonte, MG.
[40] Cruzeiro shares the stadium with rivals Atl�tico Mineiro.
[41] The stadium does not belong to Cruzeiro, rather it belongs to the state of Minas Gerais (through a land grant from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais) and is administrated by Minas Arena, a private company, on lease from the state since 2013.
The stadium, which was built in 1963, had an original capacity of about 130,000,[40][41] but over the years that capacity has been reduced, and currently it seats 64,800.
Named after former Minas Gerais governor Jos� de Magalh�es Pinto, it took over 4,000 workers to build the stadium.
[41] The period after the stadium's inauguration is often called Era Mineir�o ("Mineir�o Era"), which saw Cruzeiro gain national and international prominence.
[42][43] Cruzeiro also holds the attendance record at the stadium, when 132,834 spectators watched Cruzeiro beat Villa Nova in the 1997 Campeonato Mineiro final.[44]
Cruzeiro have had plans to build a new stadium, especially under president Alvimar de Oliveira Costa's tenure.
[45][46][47][48] However, the state of Minas asked Cruzeiro to stay at the stadium,[49] and after president Zez� Perrella came to the presidency in 2009, plans for a new stadium virtually disappeared.[50]
The Mineir�o was selected as a host stadium for the 2014 FIFA World Cup,[51] with renovations beginning on 25 June 2010, and projected to be completed by December 2012.
[52] After the stadiums closing, Cruzeiro began playing home games at the Arena do Jacar� and Ipating�o stadiums, both outside the city of Belo Horizonte.
[53] Independ�ncia stadium is also being renovated and Cruzeiro will start playing homes games there in 2011 until the Mineir�o is ready in 2012.[54]
The club has private ownership of other facilities though, including two training facilities (Toca da Raposa I, which serves the youth division and Toca da Raposa II for the senior squad),[40][55][56] an administrative headquarters[57] and two social club facilities.
[58][59] Cruzeiro has often been praised for having one of the leading infrastructure systems in Brazil.[40]
Administration and finances [ edit ]
Cruzeiro used to be a nonprofit organization, where the real owner are s�cios (literally, "partners") or members (who pay an annual fee), in return, s�cios receive benefits from the club, such as access to club's properties and tickets, as well as a right to vote for the next club officials.
[60] This bylaw lasted from the club's foundation in 1921 until late 2021, when Wagner Pires de S�'s run as club president led to the club to declare bankruptcy.
Wagner Pires de S�'s run as club president was filled with corruption.
[61] This led Cruzeiro to stop paying its players, leading to the club's first relegation in 2019.
Over the next two years, Cruzeiro played the second division while still under the s�cios program.
This changed in December 2021, when the former footballer Ronaldo, who started his professional career in Cruzeiro, announced he would be the owner of Cruzeiro's football department.
[62]See also [ edit ]Notes [ edit ]
artigos relacionados
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